Critics damn it for a long list of reasons and it has been declared dead several times, but the Kyoto Protocol has emerged stronger than ever after the Montreal conference on climate change ended. Gathering against a backdrop of ever-starker scientific warnings about global warming, Kyoto's 159 members approved crucial decisions on strengthening the treaty's mechanisms. They also agreed to launch negotiations from next May on cutting greenhouse gas pollution beyond 2012, when the present Kyoto pledges run out.
The agreement will lift a dark shadow of uncertainty that had fallen over the fledgling market in carbon dioxide (CO2), an important Kyoto device set up to leverage cuts in emissions. To meet Kyoto's benchmarks requires industrialised countries to impose tougher fuel efficiency standards, regulations on CO2 emissions and laws to encourage use of renewable energy. Such measures will be opposed by the US fossil-fuel and auto lobbies and by many American consumers, fearful of being wacked in the wallet.